C++ is an object-oriented programming language that was introduced to overcome the jurisdictions where C was lacking. By object-oriented we mean that it works with the concept of polymorphism, inheritance, abstraction, encapsulation, object, and class.

Advantages of C++: C++ is an OOPs language that means the data is considered as objects. C++ is a multi-paradigm language; In simple terms, it means that we can program the logic, structure, and procedure of the program. Memory management is a key feature in C++ as it enables dynamic memory allocation It is a Mid-Level programming language which means it can develop games, desktop applications, drivers, and kernels

In C++, references are an alternative way to create an alias for another variable. A reference acts as a synonym for a variable, allowing you to access the variable directly without any additional syntax. They must be initialized when created and cannot be changed to refer to another variable afterward. This feature makes it easier to manipulate variables in functions while avoiding the overhead of copying large objects. A reference variable is preceded with a ‘&’ symbol.

C++ is only a compiled language, whereas Java is compiled as well as an interpreted language. Java programs are machine-independent whereas a c++ program can run only in the machine in which it is compiled. C++ allows users to use pointers in the program. Whereas java doesn’t allow it. Java internally uses pointers. C++ supports the concept of Multiple inheritances whereas Java doesn't support this. And it is due to avoiding the complexity of name ambiguity that causes the diamond problem.

• Keywords : That contain a special meaning to the compiler
• Identifiers : That hold a unique value/identity
• Constants : That never change their value throughout the program
• Strings : That contains the homogenous sequence of data
• Special Symbols : They have some special meaning and cannot be used for another purpose; eg: [] () {}, ; * = #
• Operators : Who perform operations on the operand

In call by value method, we pass a copy of the parameter is passed to the functions. For these copied values a new memory is assigned and changes made to these values do not reflect the variable in the main function. In call by reference method, we pass the address of the variable and the address is used to access the actual argument used in the function call. So changes made in the parameter alter the passing argument

Operator Overloading is a very essential element to perform the operations on user-defined data types. By operator overloading we can modify the default meaning to the operators like +, -, *, /, <=, etc.

Polymorphism in simple means having many forms. Its behavior is different in different situations. And this occurs when we have multiple classes that are related to each other by inheritance.

For example, think of a base class called a car that has a method called car brand(). Derived classes of cars could be Mercedes, BMW, Audi - And they also have their own implementation of a cars

The two types of polymorphism in c++ are:

• Compile Time Polymorphism
• Runtime Polymorphism

• Private: Functions and variables declared as private can be accessed only within the same class, and they cannot be accessed outside the class they are declared.
• Public: Functions and variables declared under public can be accessed from anywhere.
• Protected: Functions and variables declared as protected cannot be accessed outside the class except a child class. This specifier is generally used in inheritance.

: Pointers

• Can be reassigned.
• Can be null.
• Use the * operator for dereferencing.

• Cannot be null.
• Must be initialized when declared.
• Use the & operator for declaration.

C++ is a programming language. It literally means "increased C", reflecting its nature as an evolution of the C language.

It is a programming model that treats programming from a perspective where each component is considered an object, with its own properties and methods, replacing or complementing structured programming paradigm, where the focus was on procedures and parameters.

The common subset of C and C++ is easier to learn than C. There will be less type errors to catch manually (the C++ type system is stricter and more expressive), fewer tricks to learn (C++ allows you to express more things without circumlocution), and better libraries available. The best initial subset of C++ to learn is not “all of C”.